Bystander Target Cell Lysis and Cytokine Production by Dengue Virus-Specific Human CD4⁺Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Clones

Dengue hemorrhagic fever, the severe form of dengue virus infection, is believed to be an immunopathological response to a secondary infection with a heterologous serotype of dengue virus. Dengue virus capsid protein-specific CD4 + cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones were shown to be capable of mediating bystander lysis of non-antigen-presenting target cells. After activation by anti-CD3 or in the presence of unlabeled antigen-presenting target cells, these clones could lyse both Jurkat cells and HepG2 cells as bystander targets. Lysis of HepG2 cells suggests a potential role for CD4 + CTL in the liver involvement observed during dengue virus infection. Three CD4 + CTL clones were demonstrated to lyse cognate, antigen-presenting target cells by a mechanism that primarily involves perforin, while bystander lysis occurred through Fas/Fas ligand interactions. In contrast, one clone used a Fas/Fas ligand mechanism to lyse both cognate and bystander targets. Cytokine production by the CTL clones was also examined. In response to stimulation with D2 antigen, CD4 + T-cell clones produced gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and TNF-β. The data suggest that CD4 + CTL clones may contribute to the immunopathology observed upon secondary dengue virus infections through direct cytolysis and/or cytokine production.